By (Nae Nae) Chanita Jongraksak - Thailand
Euthanasia, the practice of intentionally ending a patient's life to relieve suffering, presents a challenging and multifaceted ethical dilemma within the medical field. The debate around euthanasia spans history, dating back to ancient Greece and Rome. Philosophers like Plato grappled with the ethics of ending a life to relieve suffering (Baugh, 2024). The rise of modern medicine in the 19th century and the development of hospices led to a focus on palliative care, but euthanasia remained a topic of discussion. In the 20th century, euthanasia became more controversial, especially due to the horrors of Nazi Germany's eugenics programs (Baugh, 2024). Today, the ethics and legality of euthanasia continue to be debated around the world.
Arguments for Euthanasia
Proponents of euthanasia emphasize several key arguments. Many believe that competent individuals have the right to make decisions about their own bodies and healthcare, including the right to refuse treatment or choose death over continued suffering. This principle of autonomy is central to many medical ethics frameworks (Beauchamp & Childress, 2019). Plato, for instance, believed that patients who were incurable should not be treated as this would prolong their suffering (Baugh, 2024). In situations where individuals are experiencing unbearable pain or have entered a vegetative state, euthanasia can be seen as a way to alleviate their suffering and potentially improve their quality of life at the end of life. It is important to consider that this perspective raises complex debates about defining suffering and quality of life (van der Steen, 2002).
Arguments Against Euthanasia
Opponents of euthanasia raise significant ethical concerns. Many often maintain a strong belief in the sanctity of life, arguing that all human life is sacred and inviolable and that taking a life, even with consent, is considered morally wrong. This viewpoint is often grounded in religious beliefs or philosophical principles (Gillet, 2011). Critics also raise concerns about the potential for unintended consequences, such as the practice being applied more broadly than initially intended or vulnerable individuals being pressured into choosing euthanasia against their will. These concerns highlight the importance of establishing safeguards and clear criteria for any potential legalization of euthanasia (Smith et al., 2016).
The debate over implantation on chronic versus terminal illness has always been at the forefront of debate concerning euthanasia. For terminal illnesses where death is imminent, some argue that euthanasia might be a compassionate choice to prevent unnecessary suffering. However, in the case of chronic conditions where the patient may have years to live, opponents often argue that the focus should be on improving quality of life rather than ending it.
The patient's mental health and cognitive abilities are also crucial factors. For patients with severe depression or cognitive impairments, opponents of euthanasia argue that their ability to make an informed, voluntary decision may be compromised, raising concerns about the potential for coercion or undue influence (Smith et al., 2016). Additionally, some opponents worry that the availability of euthanasia could lead to a decrease in resources and efforts dedicated to providing comfort and pain management for terminally ill patients (Chochinov, 2013).
Legal and Regulatory Considerations
Some countries have legalized various forms of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide, while others have explicit prohibitions. These legal frameworks often involve strict regulations and safeguards aimed at protecting vulnerable individuals and ensuring informed consent. It is important to note that legal considerations surrounding euthanasia are constantly evolving, and keeping up-to-date with information is crucial for any comprehensive discussion on this topic.
Conclusion
The issue of euthanasia is a complex ethical issue with compelling arguments on both sides. It is crucial to acknowledge the validity of these arguments, engage in respectful dialogue that recognizes the diverse perspectives on this sensitive topic, and consider the legal and regulatory frameworks in place. Ultimately, navigating the ethical complexities of euthanasia requires careful consideration of individual values, beliefs, and circumstances, while ensuring safeguards are in place to protect vulnerable individuals and uphold ethical standards within the medical profession.
Bibliography
Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics (9th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Chochinov, H. M. (2013). Dignity in dying: A practical guide for caregivers (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Gillet, G. (2011). Healthcare ethics: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
Radbruch, L., Kuhner, C., & Erlenwein, G. (2017). Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: A review of the ethical literature. European Journal of Pain, 21(1),
Britannica. "Euthanasia." [Encyclopedia Britannica], https://www.britannica.com/topic/assisted-suicide. Accessed 11 Mar. 2024.
This topic is indeed an unending discussion to how it would stand in our society. I grew up hearing people talked about this topic and now that I can able to understand what it is all about, I am still stucked on where I should sit my opinions in. Both arguments has their point. It can either be subjective or objective. I believe this discussion would never end even until the upcoming years where possible innovations CAN and MAY provide a more definite answer to how we see this act.